India was neutral in the Cold War, and was a leader in the Non-Aligned Movement. India has unresolved territorial disputes with China which escalated into a war in 19, and with Pakistan which resulted in wars in 1947, 1965, 19. The nation has faced religious violence, naxalism, terrorism and regional separatist insurgencies. India's sustained democratic freedoms are unique among the world's newly independent states. The democracy has been sustained since then. The constitution adopted in 1950 made India a democratic republic with Westminster style parliamentary system of government, both at federal and state level respectively. Indian National Congress leader Jawaharlal Nehru became the first Prime Minister of India, but the leader most associated with the independence struggle, Mahatma Gandhi, accepted no office. The partition led to a population transfer of more than 10 million people between India and Pakistan and the death of about one million people. Concurrently the Muslim-majority northwest and east of British India was separated into the Dominion of Pakistan, by the Partition of India. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries-India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims. Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, affected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. The history of independent India began when the country became an independent nation within the British Commonwealth on 15 August 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, often regarded as the architect of modern India, addressing a newly independent India on 15 August 1947 For the pre-establishment era of the state, see History of India. This article is about the history of the Republic of India established after 1950.
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